About Behaviorism

Skinner's ABOUT BEHAVIORISM is both his most broad and his most concise work; working as both a rebuttal to behaviorism's critics and a guide to its core principles, this book should be a part of every psychologist's library. Regardless of your theoretical orientation, this book presents the best quick-reference to this ideology. If you don't care for Skinner, I think this is still worthy of reading for the sheer number and quality of ideas developed here. There's much to think about and dwell on. ABOUT BEHAVIORISM covers nearly all topics of behavior (including language, reasoning, and sleep) and explains them in parsimoniously behaviorist terms. This book comes across as Skinner's case to the world that this science matters. Behaviorism, as it is presented here, is less concerned collection of terms or explanations, but more of a philosophy of how behavior should be interpreted and understood. There are times when Skinner comes across as caustic and bitter, and I'm not quite sure this book would jive well with people not already at least somewhat familiar and receptive with classical or operant conditioning. Skinner made a point to not dumb or water things down, so I don't know how well someone not familiar with the core principles and jargon of psychology would receive this. I would recommend this, however, to anyone wanting a good overview of what behaviorism has to offer, and I think this would be a great book to use in a psychology course focusing on Learning (along with say, Karen Pryor's Don't Shoot the Dog!: The New Art of Teaching and Training ). If you have been interested in understanding what the fuss about Skinner is, this is the book for you.

If you truly wish to better understand human behavior then this book is indispensable. About Behaviorism is written at the intermediate to advanced level and may present notable struggles to those outside the psychology field. That said, it is worth the effort if enlightenment is the goal. While certain concepts may be difficult to accept given our lifetime of conditioning, one can rationally explore alternative hypotheses. For example, consider the following three points, though imperfectly stated by this reviewer. 1. Thinking is behaving (it is a verb, something we do). 2. Thoughts are inventions (we can image swimming in a pool, but there is no pool inside our brain - the thought is a representation of something in the outside world). 3. The behaviors in which we engage, and subsequently the thoughts associated with them are under control of external contingencies or consequences (we swim because we are reinforced by swimming). I recall a wonderful audio debate available on YouTube between B.F. Skinner (radical behaviorism) and Carl Rogers (client-centered or Rogerian therapy). It is 4-hours of amazing insight offered by experts of varying disciplines conducted in the early-mid '70s. If you listen to the first 30-minutes; 15-minutes opening statement by each; you can get a good idea of whether you wish to learn more about Skinner and behaviorism.

I am a student of psychology and anything that I locate on BF Skinner is on my watch list. His methods, strategies, and theories beg my attention, and I'm intrigued by his edge in how he views things, which is out of the box a little like mine. The book covered many areas of human behavior worthy of study for the novice or student. I enjoy his work, so I think my reviews may be a bit biased in nature. So, don't take my word for it, read BF Skinner for yourself, you won't be disappointed.

I’ve been using it regularly and so far it performs perfectly. It’s easy to use, even if you’re not very tech-savvy, and the instructions are clear. What I like the most is how practical it is and how it actually makes my daily routine easier. You can tell some thought went into the design.

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"About Behaviorism" explicates Skinner's radical behaviorism with clarity and cogency. But make no mistake - this book is no breeze, particularly to those who are unfamiliar with behaviorism and its experimental nuances. I would recommend reading this book in conjunction with Skinner's other work - "science and human behavior", as well as obtaining a modicum of knowledge concerning operant conditioning prior to tackling this work. Grasping the principal facets of Skinner's brand of behaviorism is easier said than done for the behaviorist neophyte: the fact that Skinner articulates his ethos in non-scientific 'readable' terms simplifies the language but not the ideas. As for the work itself, Skinner embarks on a thorough and seminal examination of human behavior in "About Behaviorism." Skinner describes behavior as occurring through a causal chain of physical and putatively mental events. A physical event (contact with a hot stove) produces a mental event (the tactual sensation of `pain') which in turn produces another physical event (recoiling away from the heat). Unlike other behaviorist models, Skinner's radical behaviorism does not discount `mental' events as `unobservable' or `subjective', but merely disputes that they are `mental'. Moreover, the putative mental events which produce actions must not simply be discounted because they lack an objective framework. Such an approach nurtures the fictive mentalist depictions of the internal events antecedent to observable behavior. Radical behaviorism countenances the existence of the private events within the skin, challenges the nature of those events as `mental', and illuminates the misleading manner in which the internal observer - the individual who `feels' and `thinks' - characterizes and reports such events. One important distinction Skinner introduces is between contingencies of survival and contingencies of reinforcement. Contingencies of survival consist of activity integral for organisms' survival (eating, breathing, sleeping, etc.). Contingencies of reinforcement refers to events that occur after behavior which by virtue of their consequences increase the probability that the behavior will occur again. Training a dog to `sit' for a treat represents a classic case of `conditioning', and the dog treat comprises the contingency that subsequently reinforces the behavior of `sitting'. The error that often occurs is to then claim that the dog will then sit because of some `instinct or `because he is hungry.' The dog's hunger is clearly collateral to the true cause of the behavior - the contingency. Skinner's behaviorist model adopts this reasoning towards the environmental contingencies which engender human behavior. Just as it is erroneous to conclude that a dog's hunger causes it to sit, so too is it inaccurate to explain that a man goes to watch a baseball game because "he feels like it," "thinks it's a good idea," or is merely "bored." All such explanations exclusively rely on internal events within the man's skin and belie the true causality that produces the behavior. Conventional language couches what we call emotions, desires, and most importantly - choices, in vernacular that dissemble the true character of the events occurring - in Skinner's words - "within our skin." When a lovelorn individual longs for an unreciprocated romance, he might state that `lovesickness' causes his despondency. But as Skinner correctly asserts, descriptions of such feelings or emotions invoke `private stimuli.' But it is the `public stimuli' - the absence of the reinforcing contingency of the amorous behavior, that properly captures the external referent which causes both emotion and behavior. Thus when someone gets pricked by a needle, it is erroneous to report one's wincing as caused by the `pain'. `Pain' is an internal event, and a physiological phenomenon chosen by natural selection because of its worth in arranging an organisms' negative reinforcement of contingencies inimical to survival. However, the most complex human behavior dulls Skinner's otherwise incisively analytical blade. The explanatory power of Skinnerian behaviorism is most problematic when the supposed contingencies that determine the subject's behavior come not from outside the skin, but from the subject himself. Our deepest cognition, conceptualizations, and quantitative reasoning - our most abstract ideations as to ontology, physics, and value - our most sophisticated social interactions, are not so easily elucidated by the behaviorist explanation. This does not mean the theory is false whatsoever - it simply points out that beyond the rudimentary Pavlovian level of stimulus and response - one must acknowledge that the fullest means to understand who we are come not from a facile glance at our external environmental contingencies, but from understanding the neuropsychological contingencies that we ourselves produce "within the skin." These contingencies may not be mental, but they are contingencies of behavior nonetheless. Daniel Dennett in "Consciousness Explained" has much to say on this matter. And while one cannot start the inquiry with such a Cartesian analysis in understanding our behavior, it is an intermediary in the great chain of stimulus and response that should not be skipped. Why do we daydream? Why do we philosophize? Neuropsychologists would assert that such exercises involve cerebral reproduction of information that have been mentally perceived, assimilated, and related in a Humean associationistic manner. This cerebral reproduction itself - although initially derived from an external stimulus - comprises a contingency that I'm not sure Skinner adequately analyzes. Even if one's most personal dreams, visceral emotions, innermost thoughts, and `mental' ratiocinations are verbal reports not of internal cognitive events but external environmental contingencies, to explain this behavior by simply stating that it occurs because its personally and self reinforcing offers limited understanding. Skinner's behaviorism can easily explain why a man avoids the bad part of town when he walks to work, but this reductionist account becomes unfalsifiable philosophy when it tackles the most sophisticated, non-social, and meditative manifestations of cognition and language. Certainly, the neuropsychologist, linguist, and even philosopher offer understandings just as if not more valuable in characterizing this behavior. To illustrate, what contingency accounts for the mental imaging and defining of our most unconscious daydreams? For more on this debate, particularly within the behaviorist position on language, one should check Noam Chomsky's criticism of behaviorism as well as the subsequent behaviorist response by Nathan Stemmer. This is not to say that Skinner's theory is wrong, but merely elicits the deeply complex `physical' causality at play. Skinner himself admits the shortcomings of the behaviorist position in explaining such behavior. This book merely questions the more untenable explanations of behavior and delves deeply into the problem of prescribing `causal' descriptions of human behavior. Thus the soundness of Skinner's approach lay in his modesty to consign explanations to a description of the contingency: NOT to recklessly postulate that the reason for the contingency's effect is a genetic prescription or environmental process without scientific substantiation of such a claim. But while spiritualisms and idealisms alike cringe at the implicit concept that humans do not possess free will, Skinner correctly recognizes the mentalist sophistry of attributing causation to everything else but our own minds. When one asks why another did not go to work today, to answer that it is because someone "makes a choice" is to give no answer at all. It is a meaningless explanation without any causal foundation and scientific worth. It therefore must be abandoned. Ultimately, Skinner's antiseptic approach to the underlying reasons behind who humans are and why they act draws unfriendly and unfair fire from many. Indeed, the subject of human behavior has been plagued by human pride and ideological dogma. Others may doubt that this reductionist scheme can account for the more opaque and complex aspects of human behavior, and indeed, it seems strangely and simultaneously myopic and farsighted to explain abstract and cognitively internal verbal assertions through the prism of conditioning and contingencies of reinforcement. Still others have identified the tautological absurdity of human behavior deeming itself unfree and governed by environmental contingencies outside of its own control. The point is this: for any philosopher, social scientist, and psychologist who aims to assert that human language, cognition, and behavior represents something more than the offspring of natural selection and environmental contingencies - Skinner is the mountain that must be climbed, his views must be addressed, and the behaviorist position must be accounted for. Are we simply neurons firing, a highly sophisticated materialization of stimulus and response, and a more complex version of environmental conditioning? Even if behaviorism might fall short in fully explaining human behavior, it has addressed a subject of insuperable complexity. Objectivity evaporates when human behavior examines itself. Thus if the behaviorist lens is not a scientifically valid `mirror' through which to examine the behavior humans, it is because no framework is valid and any study of human behavior falls to paradox and subjectivity. The greater point that Skinner asserts however, is that it achieves an understanding far more sound than Cartesian mentalism and associated conceptualizations of human behavior. An exceptional book, and if one is - like me - not fully convinced that the reductionist behaviorist model can account for verbal and mental behavior, then I also recommend reading Daniel Dennett's physicalist exposition of consciousness and mind to enhance the behaviorist explanation of mental behavior.

About Behaviorism is one of B.F. Skinner's best books written to explain his views of human behavior. This book provides a nice introduction to behaviorism that fits in well with the modern world, unlike the earlier behaviorism attributed to Watson. Most of the key principles and philosophies of this brilliant man are explained There are even chapters on Thinking and The Self and Others to refute those critics who have never read enough to understand that Skinner presented a well rounded view of human behavior that was both explainable and based on scientific research. The fact that rats were the earliest subjects still leaves some lay people with the idea that behaviorism does not apply to human life. Anyone who takes the time to read this book will understand that is a total misunderstanding and one of a list of myths that Professor Skinner explodes in this book. Teachers and anyone else who wants to reach out to learn more about their students, themselves, and human behavior from a scientific view should grab a copy of About Behaviorism and be awakened to a different way to understand and change human behavior. Don E. Williams, Ph.D.

The book was delivered two days late. Since I needed this for my class this made me submit my assignment late as I had less time to read it. Also, book is very small. If I had known that in advance I would have purchased a different one.

Excellent

B. F. Skinner's "About Behaviourism" is a major contribution to the philosophical and theoretical understanding of psychology. Skinner sought, in this book, to present an overview of Behaviourism - outlining its key themes and premises, while highlighting ideas wrongly associated with this school of thought. The book was first published in 1974 - and is, in many ways, a culmination of Skinner's arguments as advanced throughout his career. It brings together - in a highly readable manner - the central tenets made in his previous publications (such as 'Science and Human Behaviour' (1953), 'Verbal Behavior' (1957), and 'Beyond Freedom and Dignity' (1971)). Yet in this particular work, Skinner also aims to clarify the Behaviourist position more generally - commenting on the weaknesses and limitations of earlier theorists, such as John Watson (founder of Behaviourism). The book is written with a popular readership intended, and as such it's not overly academic in presentation. It can be understood by someone who's new to psychology - and is intended to be insightful and engaging. It is, in all essentials, a book that takes as its purpose the task of explaining the reasons why this theoretical position is correct - and how, if applied, it would revolutionise the organisation of society (creating a more peaceful way of life, based on cooperative social existence). Skinner explores several topics, including: the causes of behaviour, operant conditioning, thinking, motivations and emotions, and issues of control. This book was highly influential when it was originally published, and shaped debate within psychology for many years. The main argument advanced by Skinner is that the notion of human 'free will' is an illusion, and that behaviour is dependent on the consequences of previous behaviours. If the consequences are negative, the likelihood is that the action will not be repeated; whereas if the consequences are positive, it is more probable that the action will be repeated. As such, human behaviour is conditioned - the outcome of a lifetime of reinforcement. Given the importance of Skinner's work, he is recognised as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. Of course, the book received a great deal of criticism. And the behaviourist school of psychology - although influential - has never dominated the field (rather, schools of thought focussing on the Mind have tended to be hegemonic). Notwithstanding the criticisms this book received, it remains highly fascinating - and is an enjoyable read. If you're interested in psychology, I recommend it.

About B.F. Skinner's behaviorism is a fundamental work in the study of the individual ontogenetic behavior of organisms, obviously it has many things to criticize about it, but it must be understood in terms of its context and the current advances in the science of behavior (see the work of Emilio Ribes); however, the contributions were very important and have methodological validity.

Onverwacht goed geschreven boek. Wist niet dat Skinner ook een erg goede schrijver was. Onmisbaar boek voor elke psycholoog

... aber wohl trotzdem notwendig um sich mit der Philosophie der Verhaltensanalyse zu beschäftigen. "Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science". Man kann sich an 12 Missverständnissen über Behaviorism orientieren, die Skinner versucht zu wiederlegen. Ob man Skinner die Argumentation abkauft, bleibt dann jedem selbst überlassen. Das Buch wird leider wenig gelesen und auch bei den ernsthaften Skinner Kritikern selten zitiert. Deshalb ist es einigermaßen schwierig sich argumentativ damit auseinander zu setzen und es Bedarf einiger Recherchen oder einschlägigem Fachwissen in Psychologie, zeitgenössischen Behaviroism, (kognitiver) Verhaltenstherapie, ... um die Sichtweise Skinners als glaubhaft einzuschätzen zu können - oder abzulehnen ...